During a Triceratops' juvenile years, its horns were little stubs that curved backward as the animal continued to grow into young adulthood, the horns straightened out finally, the horns curved forward and grew up to 3 feet long (1 meter), probably after the dinosaur reached sexual maturity.
The two brow horns appear to have twisted and lengthened as a Triceratops aged, according to a 2006 study in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Triceratops had three horns: two massive ones above its eyes, and a smaller horn on its snout. The largest skull found has an estimated length of 8.2 feet (2.5 meters), according to Scannella's 2010 Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology study. The head of Triceratops was among the largest of all land animals, some making up one-third of the entire length of the dinosaur's body. A 2012 study in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B suggested that Triceratops had an upright posture like an elephant's, rather than a sprawling, elbows-out posture like a lizard's. The forelimbs, which were shorter than the rear ones, each had three hooves the rear limbs had four hooves each. It had strong limbs to move and support its massive body. (5,000 kg) - some large specimens weighed nearly 15,750 lbs. It grew up to 30 feet (9 meters) and weighed well over 11,000 lbs. Triceratops was a massive animal, comparable in size to an African elephant, according to a 2011 article in the journal Cretaceous Research. (Image credit: © Scott Hartman / All rights reserved) An elephant-size dinosaur More fossils of Nedoceratops and a distinctly juvenile specimen of Torosaurus would settle the debate, Scannella said.Īrtwork by Scott Hartman reveals the bone structure of Triceratops. They further suggested the frill holes of Nedoceratops are pathological (related to a disease or health issue). In a 2012 PLOS ONE article, for instance, researchers presented evidence of Torosaurus bones that are not fully fused, suggesting the specimen is still immature (and, therefore, not a fully mature Triceratops). However, some other paleontologists contest this single-genus idea. This suggests that the holes grow over time as the frill develops and expands, they reasoned. Again, one of the main differences between the animals in question is the frill: Torosaurus has large frill holes, which are smaller in Nedoceratops and absent in Triceratops (though some specimens appear to show evidence of the beginning of holes). In a subsequent 2011 study in the journal PLOS ONE, Scannella and Horner used similar reasoning to argue Nedoceratops hatcheri, of which there is only a single specimen, is actually a transitional stage between the young Triceratops and the old Torosaurus. "This suggested that Torosaurus, rather than being a distinct genus, was actually a fully grown Triceratops." "We found evidence that the frill on the back of the skull expands relatively late during growth," Scannella said, adding that the microscructure of Torosaurus bones suggests they are older than even the largest Triceratops specimens. Then the Lord my God will come, and all the holy ones with him.In a 2010 study in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Scannella and his colleague John ("Jack") Horner argued that Torosaurus, which is mainly distinguished from Triceratops by having an expanded frill with large holes, was actually Triceratops in old age. And you shall flee as you fled from the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah. And you shall flee to the valley of my mountains, for the valley of the mountains shall reach to Azal. On that day his feet shall stand on the Mount of Olives that lies before Jerusalem on the east, and the Mount of Olives shall be split in two from east to west by a very wide valley, so that one half of the Mount shall move northward, and the other half southward. Then the Lord will go out and fight against those nations as when he fights on a day of battle.
Half of the city shall go out into exile, but the rest of the people shall not be cut off from the city. For I will gather all the nations against Jerusalem to battle, and the city shall be taken and the houses plundered and the women raped. ESV / 3 helpful votes Helpful Not Helpfulīehold, a day is coming for the Lord, when the spoil taken from you will be divided in your midst.
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